https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344482927
Breaking waves generate meandering currents and winds in the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers (Dommermuth et al., 2014). Meandering flows are revisited here for five types of breaking waves. Streaming flows are mean flows that include Eulerian and Lagrangian contributions. Meandering flows include both difference (streaming) and sum frequency interactions. Meandering flows, like streaming flows, have Eulerian and Lagrangian contributions. Normal to the free surface, the meandering flows exponentially attenuate away from the free surface with an oscillatory behavior. The magnitudes of the meandering flows agree with Langmuir’s original observations (Langmuir, 1938). The good agreement suggests that the formation of Langmuir circulations is due to meandering flows.… Read more