Energy dissipation, air entrainment, and statistical analyses of plunging breaking waves based on the Numerical Flow Analysis (NFA) code are discussed in Brucker, O’Shea, Dommermuth, and Adams (2010) “Three-dimensional simulations of deep-water breaking waves,” Proceedings of the 28th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Pasadena, California, USA. The paper is available at http://tinyurl.com/y8eava8e. Videos associated with the paper are available at http://tinyurl.com/yc38hk5u.
Volumetric energy and air entrainment analyses are made by Chen, Kharif, Zaleski, and Li (1999), Brucker, et al. (2010), Deike, Popinet, and Melville (2015), and Deike, Melville, and Popinet (2016). Brucker, et al. (2010) and Deike, et al. (2016) analyze the spatial variation in air entrainment. Brucker, et al. (2010) analyze the spatial variation in the mean kinetic energy balance using Reynolds and Favre averaging.
Brucker, et al. (2010) use an adjustment procedure to slowly ramp up plunging breaking events. Deike, et al. (2015) and (2016) use third-order theory. The adjustment procedure of Brucker, et al. (2010) is more robust than third-order theory for initiating two-phase codes.
References:
Brucker, K. A., O’Shea, T. T., Dommermuth, D. G., and Adams, P. (2010) “Three-dimensional simulations of deep-water breaking waves,” Proceedings of the 28th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Pasadena, California, USA.
Chen, G., Kharif, C., Zaleski, S., and Li, J. (1999) Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation of breaking waves, Phys. Fluids, 11, 121-133.
Deike, L., Popinet, S., and Melville, W. (2015), Capillary effects on wave breaking, J. Fluid Mech., 769, 541–569.
Deike, L., Melville, W., and Popinet, S. (2016), Air entrainment and bubble statistics in breaking waves, J. Fluid Mech., 801, 91–129.